DEVELOPING SCALE TO ASSESS TEACHERS' BEHAVIOUR FOR IMPLEMENTING THE 2018 GENERAL EDUCATION PROGRAM: A STUDY BASED ON THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18173/2354-1075.2024-0018Keywords:
scale, behaviour, teacher, TPB, CFAAbstract
Drawing on the TPB theory and the CBAM model to analyze teachers' attitudes toward innovation in curriculum development, this study has developed a scale to identify factors influencing the behavior of middle school teachers in implementing the 2018 general education program. Our survey was conducted online, involving 250 middle school teachers representing diverse regional characteristics. Structural equation analysis of the results demonstrated the scale's reliability and validity, effectively identifying factors affecting teachers' behavioral intention to implement the 2018 program. The primary factors influencing the behavioral intentions of Vietnamese secondary school teachers towards the 2018 program were found to be subjective norms, personal autonomy, and teachers' attitudes, aligning with research from other countries. Additionally, by delving into broader literature and discussion, we propose that our findings can contribute to studies on behavioral intention to implement the 2018 curriculum and innovation in education more broadly, particularly for school teachers.
Downloads
References
[1] Johnston K, (2021). “Key Skills in the Context of Twenty-First-Century Teaching and Learning,” in Curriculum Change within Policy and Practice, D. Murchan and K. Johnston, Eds., London, Palgrave Macmillan, 85-104.
[2] Ye YH, Shih YH. and Wang RJ, (2022). “General Education in Taiwan’s Universities: Development, Challenges, and Role”. Policy Futures in Education, 20(8), 847-863.
[3] Soysal Y & Radmard S, 2022. “Barriers Faced by Teachers as an Estimator of the Effectiveness of Reform-Based Initiatives”. Journal of Education, 202(1), 43-57.
[4] Kirk D & McDonald D, (2001). “Teacher Voice and Ownership of Curriculum Change”. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 33(5), 551-567.
[5] Janík T, Janko T, Pešková K, Knecht P & Spurná M, (2018). “Czech Teachers’ Attitudes Towards Curriculum Reform Implementation,” Human Affairs, 28(1), 54-70.
[6] Wang L, (2022). “English Language Teacher Agency in Response to Curriculum Reform in China: An Ecological Approach”. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, p. Article 935038.
[7] Fullan M, (1985). “Change Processes and Strategies at the Local Level,” Elementary School Journal, 85(3, 390-421.
[8] Peskova K, Spurna M & Knecht P, (2019). “Teachers’ Acceptance of Curriculum Reform in the Czech Republic: One Decade Later,” Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal, 9(2), 73-97.
[9] KT Pham, XV Ha, NH Tran & Y. T. X. Nguyen, (2023). “Curriculum Reform in Vietnam: Primary Teachers’ Views, Experiences, and Challenges,” Education 3-13, 51(3), 440-451.
[10] T Vu & THL. Nguyen, (2021). “New Curriculum, Existing Problems: Teacher Perception of the English Language Curriculum Renewal in Vietnam,” Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 19(1), 207-224.
[11] HTT Dang, DT Bui, Q A Vuong, HGT Phan, CT Nguyen & BDT Pham, (2023). “Teachers' Perspectives on the Implementation of the New National Curriculum-Dataset from Vietnam.,” Data in Brief, 49, p. Article 109451.
[12] SE Anderson, (1997). “Understanding Teacher Change: Revisiting the Concerns Based Adoption Model,” Curriculum Inquiry, 27(3), 331-367.
[13] Roach AT, Kratochwill TR & Frank JL, (2009). “School-based Consultants As Change Facilitators: Adaptation of the Concerns-based Adoption Model (CBAM) to Support the Implementation of Research-based Practices.,” Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 19(4), 300-320.
[14] Ajzen I, (1991). “The Theory of Planned Behavior,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
[15] Ajzen I, “The Theory of Planned Behaviour: Reactions and Reflections,” Psychology and Health, 26(9), 1113-1127, 2011.
[16] Bandura A, (1977). “Self-efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change,” Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.
[17] Park M & Sung YK, (2013). “Teachers' Perceptions of the Recent Curriculum Reforms and Their Implementation: What Can We Learn from the Case of Korean Elementary Teachers?,” Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 33(1), 15-33.
[18] BH Duong, V Dao & J DeJaeghere, (2023). “Complexities in Teaching Competencies: A Longitudinal Analysis of Vietnamese Teachers’ Sensemaking and Practices,” Pedagogy, Culture, and Society, 1-23.
[19] K Anderson-Levitt & MP Gardinier, (2021). “Introduction Contextualising Global Flows of Competency-based Education: Polysemy, Hybridity and Silences,” Comparative Education, 57(1), 1-18.
[20] Ministry of Education and Training, (2018). General Education Program - Master Program (issued together with Circular No. 32/2018/TT-BGDĐT dated December 26, 2018, of the Minister of Education and Training), Hanoi.
[21] THV Dinh, (2019). “Real Situation for Fostering Junior-High-School Teachers in Vung Tau City, Ba Ria - Vung Tau Province,” Hue University Journal of Science: Social Sciences and Humanities, 128(6A), 139-149.
[22] YTX Nguyen, XV Ha & NH Tran, (2022). “Vietnamese Primary School Teachers’ Needs for Professional Development in Response to Curriculum Reform,” Education Research International, 1-8.
[23] THN Nguyen, TTD Do, TH Luu, TMP Nguyen, TMP Tran & TVA Mai, (2023). “Practical Implementation of the 2018 General Education Program in English: the Perspective of Teachers Implementing the Program,” Vietnam Journal of Education, 23(5), 58-63.
[24] Conner M, (2020). “Theory of Planned Behavior,” in Handbook of Sport Psychology, John Wiley & Sons, 1-18.
[25] Datnow A, (2012). “Teacher Agency in Educational Reform: Lessons from Social Networks Research,” American Journal of Education, 119(1), 193-201.
[26] Gregory JL & Noto LA, (2018). “Attitudinal Instrument Development: Assessing Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Domains of Teacher Attitudes Towards Teaching all Students,” Cogent Education, 5(1), 1-12.
[27] Saloviita T & Schaffus T, (2016). “Teacher Attitudes towards Inclusive Education in Finland and Brandenburg, Germany and the Issue of Extra Work,” European Journal of Special Needs Education, 31(4), 458-471.
[28] Bradfield KZ & Exley B, (2020). “Teachers’ Accounts of Their Curriculum Use: External Contextual Influences During Times of Curriculum Reform,” The Curriculum Journal, 31(4), 757-774.
[29] T Vu, WW & J Walsh, (2020). “Teacher Attitudes Toward the English Curriculum Renewal: The Case of Viet Nam,” TESOL International Journal, 15(6), 84-111.
[30] Tiew CC & Abdullah MNLY, (2022). “Contemporary Practices in Teaching 21st Century Skills at Malaysian Primary Schools: Do Environmental Factors and Teacher’s Attitudes Matter?,” Asia Pacific Journal of Educators and Education, 37(1), 61-85.
[31] Alhendal D, Marshman M & Grootenboer P, (2016). “Kuwaiti Science Teachers’ Beliefs and Intentions Regarding the Use of Inquiry-Based Instruction,” International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 14(8), 1455-1473.
[32] Ahmmed M, Sharma U & Deppeler J, (2014). “Variables Affecting Teachers’ Intentions to Include Students with Disabilities in Regular Primary Schools in Bangladesh,” Disability & Society, 29(2), 317-331.
[33] Underwood PR, (2012). “Teacher Beliefs and Intentions Regarding the Instruction of English Grammar Under National Curriculum Reforms: A Theory of Planned Behaviour Perspective,” Teaching and Teacher Education, 28(6), 911-925.
[34] W Zhao, IAC Mok & Y Cao, (2020). “Factors Influencing Teachers’ Implementation of a Reformed Instructional Model in China from the Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective: A Multiple Case Study,” Sustainability, 12(1), p. Article 1.
[35] AA George, GE Hall & SM Stiegelbauer, (2013). Measuring Implementation in Schools: The Stages of Concern Questionnaire, Austin: TX: SEDL.
[36] Miller G, (1956). “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information,” The Psychological Review, 63, 81-97.
[37] Montano DE & Kasprzyk D, (2008). “Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behavior, and the Integrated Behavioral Model” in Health behavior: Theory, Research and Practice, CA, Jossey-Bass, 67-92.
[38] TT Ta & TN Nguyen, (2022). “A Comparison of Using CB-SEM and PLS-SEM to Assess Training Effectiveness Evaluation Model for Teacher’s Online Continuing Professional Development”. Ho Chi Minh City University of Education Journal of Science, 19(2), 213-228.
[39] TT Ta, (2023). “Proposing the Process of Developing a Scale for Students’ Competency: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach,” Ho Chi Minh City University of Education Journal of Science, 20(8), 1337-1352.
[40] Devellis R & Thorpe CT, (2021). Scale Development Theory and Applications (5th ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA, US: SAGE Publications, p. 320.
[41] Nunnally JC & Bernstein IH, “The Assessment of Reliability,” in Psychometric Theory, 3, New York, NY, US, McGraw-Hill, 1994, 248-292.
[42] Kline RB, (2016). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (4th ed.), The Guilford Press, p. 554.
[43] Gerbing DW & Anderson JC, (1988). “An Updated Paradigm for Scale Development Incorporating Unidimensionality and Its Assessment”. Journal of Marketing Research, 25(2), 186-192.
[44] Fornell C & Larcker DF, (1981). “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error”. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
[45] Henseler J, Hubona G & Ray PA, (2016). “Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines”. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 2-20.
[46] Chin WW & Todd PA, (1995). “On the Use, Usefulness, and Ease of Use of Structural Equation Modeling in MIS Research: A Note of Caution,” Management Information Systems Research Center, University of Minnesota, 19(2), 237-246.
[47] Hair FJ, Black WC, Babin BJ & Anderson RE, (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis (8th ed.), Gautam Buddha, Uttar Pradesh, India: CENGAGE Learning Publisher, p. 832.
[48] Baumgartner H & Homburg C, (1996). “Applications of Structural Equation Modeling in Marketing and Consumer Research: A Review”. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13(2), 139-161.
[49] Cohen J, 1992 “A Power Primer,” Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155-159.
[50] Young JE & Jackman M GA, )2014). “Formative Assessment in the Grenadian Lower Secondary School: Teachers’ Perceptions, Attitudes and Practices”. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 21(4), 398-411.
[51] Dunn R, Hattie J & Bowles T, (2018). “Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to explore teachers’ Intentions to engage in ongoing teacher professional learning”. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 59, 288-294.
[52] Andrade C, (2020). “The Limitations of Online Surveys”. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 42(6), 575-576.
[53] Razavi T, (2001). “Self-report Measures: An Overview of Concerns and Limitations of Questionnaire Use in Occupational Stress Research”. [Online]. Available: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/35712.
[54] Guskey T, (2002). “Professional Development and Teacher Change”. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 8(3/4), 381-391.
[55] Rosenfelda M & Rosenfelda S, (2008). “Developing Effective Teacher Beliefs about Learners: The Role of Sensitizing Teachers to Individual Learning Differences”. Educational Psychology, 28(3), 245-272.